MEDICINAL: Scraped and smoothed, then coiled up in water..to keep it soft and pliable. Might be soaked in oil for a while (possibly tītoki) prior to use. Used for tying the iho (cord) at birth (Best 1929).

MEDICINAL: Inner bark boiled with mānuka, liquid kept in bottle for week till becomes sweetish. Used as a febrifuge (Bell 1890). Infusion of the bitter leaves used by bushmen for stomach troubles (Kirk 1869) Wood smoke - skin disease, women's venereal disease. Outer dry bark us

DOMESTIC: Inner layers used for packing muttonbird

MEDICINAL: In decoction, with tūtuna roots, taken internally for rheumatic aches. 'A handful of each boiled (in just sufficient water to cover them) for an hour; let the water then cool and take a tablespoonful three times a day.' (O'Carroll 1884). Burns treated with ashes of `t