MEDICINAL: The pappus of seeds was applied to wounds and old ulcerated sores as a protection against dust. (Colenso 1869a). Infusion made of flax root, tātarāmoa and raupō roots boiled together as a cleansing remedy to assist in removal of placenta

MEDICINAL: See Riley 1994 for information on medicinal uses of related plants elsewhere in the world. FOOD: Berries eaten

MEDICINAL: Leaves used to heal ulcers

MEDICINAL: Leaves used by Cook as an antiscorbutic. (Goldie 1905). Leaves have anti-ulcerogenic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antioxidant phenylpropanoids including caffeic acid. (Cambie, Ferguson 2003) FOOD: Many sources record the use of the green leaves as a vege